Weight change is an important indicator of animal health. Sudden increases or decreases in weight can signal the presence of disease and may seriously affect the animal’s well-being. Abrupt weight loss is associated with medical conditions such as tapeworm, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, depression, infection, or cancer. Factors to consider in weighing an animal besides the normal weight range for its species are weight changes related to seasonal and hormonal fluctuations, lactation, and pregnancy. The scales used to weigh large animals are high capacity platform or floor scales that enable the animals to step on and off easily. The largest animals can weigh as much as 800 pounds, typical of the bison, moose, and Kodiak bear, to 5,000 pounds, as in the case of the African elephant. Smaller animals, such as birds and small reptiles whose weight ranges from two to ten pounds, require lower-capacity scales.
Routine weighing of zoo animals allows veterinary staff to track if young animals are growing properly. Animals are weighed at least monthly, although animals such as elephants require weekly weighing. Weights that are lower than expected indicate that the animal is not receiving the right amount and/or type of nutrition. This may be due to difficulties with digestion or getting the animal to eat. It is then necessary to address these issues quickly to avoid developmental delays. This would be done by reevaluating the diet. The manner in which the weight change occurs can also signify transitions in life stages. For example, an elephant calf will gain two to five pounds a day, and then drop slightly in weight, marking the transition from milk to solid food.
Zoo animals present a special challenge for zoo veterinarians because the animals are confined to limited spaces that hinder their ability to participate activities they would do if they were in the wild. Hunting, climbing, and running across long distances are not possible in a zoo environment. Consequently, the animals are often restless, sedentary, and obese. Obesity is especially a problem for animals in captivity and affects all kinds of animals, including bears, gorillas, and whales. As a result of excess weight gain, zoo animals can be plagued with health problems, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Zoo animals are susceptible to cravings for high calorie, fatty junk foods just as humans are. Nutritionists are crucial members of the animal-care staff; they make sure that all the animals are on the proper diet. Assessments of zoo animal diets have led to switches from high-calorie foods to lower calorie options. The result has been leaner, healthier animals with less behavioral problems.
The weights of zoo animals provide veterinary staff valuable guidance in caring for the animals. Tracking their weights in a consistent manner allows zoo veterinary staff to monitor for problems associated with health, growth progression, nutrition, and diet. The restricted confines of a zoo allows for less activity, leading to obesity and health problems. Therefore, weight, along with nutrition and diet must be continually assessed in order to maintain the health of zoo animals.
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